The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of international law in protecting the environment during and after armed conflicts, clarify the foundations of state responsibility, examine individual criminal liability for environmental harm, evaluate legal mechanisms for damage remediation and compensation, and explore the role of environmental sustainability in post-conflict reconstruction. Methodology: The study employed a descriptiveanalytical approach, examining international legal texts related to humanitarian law and environmental law, analyzing treaties such as the 1977 Additional Protocol I and the 1976 Environmental Modification Convention, and reviewing international jurisprudence and practical examples. This approach allowed the study to assess legal effectiveness, identify gaps, and evaluate challenges in real-world application. Findings: The study concluded that international law provided both direct and indirect protection for the environment during armed conflicts and regulated the responsibility of states and individuals for serious environmental damage. Conclusions: Some provisions remained vague, evidence thresholds were high, and enforcement mechanisms were weak, limiting protection effectiveness. Furthermore, integration of environmental considerations into post-conflict reconstruction policies was limited. Recommendations: The study recommended clarifying and developing international legal rules to ensure effective environmental protection during armed conflicts, enhancing accountability and compensation mechanisms, facilitating the proof of environmental damage, and integrating environmental sustainability principles into reconstruction strategies to achieve long-term and effective environmental protection after conflicts.

Title

مجلة جامعة النجاح للقانون والاقتصاد

Publisher

An-Najah National University

Publisher Country

Palestine

Publication Type

Online only

Volume

--

Year

2026

Pages

1-16