Introduction: Psychological factors play a vital role in team sports, particularly volleyball,
where performance depends on technical, tactical, and psychological dimensions.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate psychological empowerment and psychological safety
among male volleyball players in Palestine, examine the relationship between them, and identify
differences according to selected variables.
Methodology: A descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted
of 105 male players from Premier League and First Division volleyball clubs in Palestine,
representing about 42% of the study population. Two validated scales were applied after translation
and verification of their psychometric properties.
Results: The results showed a very high level of psychological empowerment, with a relative
weight of 84.80%, and a high level of psychological safety, with a relative weight of 79.60%. A
statistically significant positive correlation was found between psychological empowerment
and psychological safety (r = 0.60), with psychological empowerment explaining 37.9% of the
variance in psychological safety. No significant differences were found in psychological empowerment
according to club level, while significant differences appeared according to playing
experience, academic qualification, international participation, and player role. No significant
differences were found in psychological safety according to the examined variables.
Discussion: The findings reflect supportive team environments characterized by confidence,
belonging, and communication.
Conclusion: Psychological empowerment is an important predictor of psychological safety
among male volleyball players in Palestine. Coaches and sport psychologists should adopt empowerment-
based strategies to enhance players’ performance and well-being.

Title

RETOS

Publisher

RETOS

Publisher Country

Spain

Indexing

Scopus

Impact Factor

None

Publication Type

Online only

Volume

79

Year

2026

Pages

1068- 1081