Artificial intelligence relies on knowledge representation (KR), which enables systems to reason while maintaining transparency and adaptability. This paper evaluates the main KR paradigms, including knowledge graphs for semantic expressiveness, formal logic for precise reasoning, and probabilistic approaches to handling uncertainty. The central argument is that the inherent limitations of individual paradigms necessitate strategic hybridisation. We critically analyse previous research to demonstrate that standalone approaches remain constrained in scalability, dynamic reasoning, and inconsistency management, despite excelling in specific aspects such as explainability, verifiability, and robustness. To address these challenges, we argue that future intelligent systems should adopt neuro-symbolic architectures that integrate computational efficiency, machine-readable structures, and human-interpretable knowledge models.

Conference Title

2026 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems – ICETSIS

Conference Country

Bahrain

Conference Date

May 6, 2026 - May 7, 2026

Conference Sponsor

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) – Bahrain Section

Additional Info

Conference Website