1.The occupation and its devastating impacts on all aspects of life in Palestine.

2.The difficulty students and teachers face in reaching university campuses due to security conditions and repeated closures by occupation forces.

3.Suspension of in-person classes in universities due to repeated invasions and incursions by occupation forces into cities and municipalities.

4.The destruction of infrastructure in many Palestinian cities, such as Gaza, and cutting off internet networks by occupation forces.

5.The arrest of many academics including the writer of this paper, along with administrators, and university students by occupation forces.

6.Breaches of e-learning systems and programs and the absence of laws to protect them.

7.The obstruction of access to necessary computer and e-learning equipment.

8.Slow internet speed, which reduces the quality and efficiency of e-learning.