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50 ยฉ 2020 Saudi Journal for Health Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer - MedknowINTRODUCTIONChronic kidney disease (CKD) has been one of the main health problems affecting various populations globally. The prevalence and the cost of treatment are dramatically increasing.[1,2] CKD is an irreversible and progressive kidney failure.[3] It refers to the aberration of kidney function, evident for more than 3 months, that affects health and could eventually progress to endโstage renal disease (ESRD).[4,5] Advanced CKD can be managed though renal replacement therapy (RRT) which involves renal transplantation, hemodialysis (HD), and peritoneal dialysis.[6]One of the mentioned managements is HD therapy. Although evidences suggest that it is beneficial, it is considered to be an expensive and burdensome therapy for patients with ESRD. There were also identified challenges and issues among patients who were on a longโterm dialysis therapy. Increased dependence on caregivers and interference in personal, family, and social life were few of these challenges,[7,8] which cause stress and affect the total wellโbeing and quality of life among ESRD patients.[9]According to the Palestinian Health Information Center, in 2003, 255 patients from the West Bank were under the dialysis treatment. In 2010, this figure dramatically increased to 800 patients. In 2016, the number of patients receiving dialysis services in hospitals in the West Bank was 1119 on a Access this article onlineWebsite:www.saudijhealthsci.orgQuick Response CodeDOI:10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_88_19Physiological and psychosocial stressors among Palestinian hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional studyJamal A. S. Qaddumi, Mariam AlโTell, Omar Almahmoud1, Dina T. N. Issa2, Majed Sulaiman Alamri3, Jestoni Dulva Maniago4, Omar Mohamed Khraisat5, Abdullah Sameh Khawaldeh5, Reem Nassar ALโDossary6Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 1Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Birzeit, 2General Directorate of Nursing, Ministry of Health, Nablus, Palestine, 3Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-Batin, 4Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 6Department of Nursing Education, College of Nursing, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 5Department of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, JordanAddress for correspondence: Dr. Jestoni Dulva Maniago, Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected]Objectives: The study aimed at assessing the stressors among hemodialysis (HD) patients and finding out whether there is any relation between these stressors and patientsโ characteristics in the North of the West Bank. Methods: A quantitative, crossโsectional, descriptiveโanalytical study was carried out. Data collection took place at three governmental hospitals and one private hospital where 120 HD patients responded to the HD stress scale. Results: Hemodialysis patients were mildly to moderately stressed, the greatest perceived sources of stress appeared to be โphysiological stressorsโ (mean = 2.655), but the item with the highest percentage was โlimitation on time and place for vacationโ (84.2%) which belong to psychosocial stress subscale, and the item stress with the least percentage was โdependency on nurses and techniciansโ(45%). Conclusions: There was significant difference between the psychosocial stressors and duration of treatment. The study concluded that HD patients are in need for continuous support, and it is recommended different contributions to improve the quality of their life.Key words: Demographics, hemodialysis, physiological, psychosocial, stressorsABSTRACTOriginal ArticleHow to cite this article: Qaddumi JA, Al-Tell M, Almahmoud O, Issa DT, Alamri MS, Maniago JD, et al. Physiological and psychosocial stressors among Palestinian hemodialysis patients:A cross-sectional study. Saudi J Health Sci 2020;9:50-5.This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionโNonCommercialโShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work nonโcommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.For reprints contact: [email protected]Submitted: 21โOctโ2019 Revised: 15โDecโ2019 Accepted: 30โDecโ2019 Published: 26โFebโ2020[Downloaded free from http://www.saudijhealthsci.org on Thursday, November 5, 2020, IP: 212.14.244.178]
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Qaddumi, et al.: Stressors among hemodialysis patientsSaudi Journal for Health Sciences - Volume 9, Issue 1, January-April 2020 51regular basis with a total of 147,494 HD. In fact, ESRD is rapidly increasing among Palestinian, and it is a common health problem and the eighth leading cause of death in Palestine.[10]These patients diagnosed with ESRD were exposed to different levels and various types of stress, which is also determined by their coping mechanisms. Poor coping and ineffective stress resolution could aggravate the current medical condition and is potentially fatal.[11]Knowledge of the most stressors facing HD patients is beneficial for nurses and other members of the healthโcare team in developing their plan of care and case management. Evidence shows that this particular area of inquiry contributes to the improvement of the quality of life, minimizing potential complications of this disease, and survival of these people and decreases cost, so it is worth to determine the possible causes of stress among HD patients in the North of the West Bank, Palestine.Moreover, only limited studies are available in Palestine, and there is some inconsistency even in conducted studies. In these patients, identifying and introducing stressor factors is the first step of intervention and planning.[10,11] Therefore, assessing physiological and psychosocial stressors will provide inputs to social health and planning to support Palestinian HD patients.METHODSThis study is a quantitative, descriptive, crossโsectional design. Data collection took place from January to March 2016 in three governmental hospitals and one private hospital in the North of the West Bank, Palestine. The institutional review board only allowed the researchers to conduct their entire data collection procedure for 2 months due to human protection and logistical issues.Of all ESRD patients (379) who underwent HD in four included hospitals, 120 HD patients of total 379 were included in the study using the convenient sampling method.HD Stressor Scale (HSS) was adopted to measure the stressors among HD patients. The HSS was developed by Baldree et al. to measure the level of stress experienced by HD patients. It consisted of 32โitems that describe the stressors which HD patients mostly face in their life. The items consisted of a 4โpoint Likert scale that ranged from 1 to 4 which denoted the severity of stress experienced. The 32โitems scale was grouped into two stressor subscales: โpsychosocial (25โitems) stressorsโ and โphysiological (7โitems) stressors.โ[12]Faceโtoโface interview using a structured questionnaire has been used to fulfill the questionnaire which consisted of two parts: the first part included demographic profile such as gender, age, and dialysis duration and the second part contained HSS.The questionnaire was translated into Arabic which was the participantsโ motherโtongue language using the Brislin backโtranslation method, the most frequently used and accepted method for effective translation equivalence of instruments. The method began with a bilingual expert translating the instrument from English into Arabic with consultations from an expert panel to ensure clarity, detect linguistic mistakes, and ensure crossโcultural equivalence. Then, a blind backโtranslation from Arabic to English was undertaken by another bilingual translator. Consequently, no issues and errors were found when the backโtranslated version was compared with the English version.The internal consistency Cronbachโs alpha for the total HSS scale from previous studies was 0.89, indicating good internal reliability.[12] A pilot study was conducted with ten HD patients to identify potential problem, clarity of questions translation, understanding of questionnaire, and time duration to accomplish the questionnaire. The pilot sample was excluded from the total sample, and the time required to complete the questionnaire was 20โ30 min.The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM Middle East FZโL.L.C, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) was used to statistically analyze the data. Both tโtest and ANOVA were used to test the relationship between stress types and demographic characteristics.RESULTSPatientsโ characteristicsTable 1 shows that 64.2% of the HD patients were male and 36.7% of them were in the age groups of 40โ49 and 50โ65 years. Regarding their duration of treatment, 43.3% of them had a period of <3 years, while 8.3% of them had it from 6 to 8 years.Hemodialysis stress scale resultsTable 2 shows the mean, standard deviation (SD), percentage, and level of agreement of HD patients on the stress scale. The total mean score was 2.59, which revealed big agreement (65.0%) in using by HD patients. Regarding HSS items, the percentage for the highest item according to the total scale โLimits on time and place for vacationโ was rated as most (84.2%) troublesome stressors items. According to the subscales, in physiological stress subscale, โFeeling tiredโ was rated as most (76.1%) troublesome stressors items, followed by โLoss of body functionโ (75.6%), while the stress item with the lowest score was โArterial and venous stickโ (58.2%).Table 3 reveals that psychosocial stress subscale items โLimits on time and place for vacationโ were rated as most (84.2%) troublesome stressors items, followed by decrease in sexual derive (82.3%), while the stress item with the lowest score was dependency on nurses and technicians (58.2%).[Downloaded free from http://www.saudijhealthsci.org on Thursday, November 5, 2020, IP: 212.14.244.178]
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Qaddumi, et al.: Stressors among hemodialysis patients52 Saudi Journal for Health Sciences - Volume 9, Issue 1, January-April 2020Table 1: Patientsโ characteristicsDemographic data variablesn (%)GenderMale77 (64.2)Female43 (35.8)Age (years)18โ3016 (13.3)31-3916 (13.3)40โ4944 (36.7)50-6544 (36.7)Duration of treatment (years)<352 (43.3)3-545 (37.5)6โ810 (8.3)9 and more13 (10.8)Total120 (100)Table 2: Physiological stressors among hemodialysis patientsScale (2-1 ): Physiological stressorsThe orderNumberItemsMeanยฑSDPercentageAgreement61Feeling tired3.04ยฑ1.0076.1Big72Loss of body function3.02ยฑ1.0675.6Big33Muscle cramps/soreness2.68ยฑ1.0967.1Big24Nausea and vomiting2.56ยฑ1.2164.2Big55Stiffening of joints2.49ยฑ1.1462.4Big46Itching2.40ยฑ1.2260.2Big17Arterial and venous stick2.32ยฑ1.0658.2MiddleTotal mean for scale 12.65ยฑ0.6666.4BigSD: Standard deviationThe relation between stressor types according to HD patients showed that the mean score of stressors for male was 2.64 ยฑ 0.44 and for female was 2.52 ยฑ 0.52, with no significant difference (t = 1.34, P = 0.18). Regarding the stressor subscale, the mean score of physiological stressors for male was 2.60 ยฑ 0.64 and for female was 2.74 ยฑ 0.69, while the mean score of psychosocial stressors for male was 2.66 ยฑ 0.46 and for female was 2.53 ยฑ 0.54, with no significant difference.The relation between stressor type and age illustrated that the mean score for stress scale was 2.62 for the age group of 40โ49 years and 2.53 for the age group of 18โ30 years, with no significant difference (F = 0.19, P = 0.90). Regarding the stress subscale, the mean score of physiological stressors was 2.72 for the age group 50โ65 years, while for psychosocial stressors, the mean score was 2.66 for the age group of 40โ49 years, with no significant difference.The relation between stressor types and duration of treatment illustrated that the mean score of stress scale for the duration of treatment from 3 to 5 years was 2.735 and for the duration of treatment from 6 to 8 years was 2.338, with significant difference for the duration of treatment from 3 to 5 years (F = 3.05, P = 0.031). Regarding the stress subscale, the mean score of physiological stressors was 2.85 for the duration of treatment from 9 years and more, with no significant difference. While for psychosocial stressors, the mean score was 2.80 for the duration of treatment from 3 to 5 years and 2.220 for the duration of treatment from 6 to 8 years, with significant difference for the duration of treatment from 3 to 5 years (F = 4.40, P = 0.006).DISCUSSIONThe study results revealed that about twoโthird of the HD patients were experienced mildโtoโmoderate level of total stress, but physiological stress was slightly more (2.65 ยฑ 0.66) stressful than psychosocial once (2.62 ยฑ 0.48); similar findings were found in a study done by Mok and Tam, and they reported that the mean score for the physiological stressors was 1.50 (SD = 0.63) and for the psychosocial stressors was 1.30 (SD = 0.58).[13] In addition, the study done by Hsin et al. (2014) found that patients had more physiological stressors than psychosocial stressors.[14] In contrast, Ahmad and Al Nazly[15] found that psychosocial stressors were more prominent than physiological stressors.The findings of the current study illustrated that the stress item with the highest percentage (84.2%) was limits on time and place for vacation, which was similar to other studies.[16,17] This could be related to the intensive treatment hours/week that make patients unable to travel couple a day and lack of recreation places for spending vacation due to the restriction on travelling in the West Bank of Palestinian Authority.The second source of stress (82.3%) was decrease in sexual desires, which was in agreement with[18,19] studies that found sexual dysfunction prevalence among predialysis patients (9%) and higher prevalence among dialysis patients (90%) of either sex. On the other hand, the results were different from Shinde and Mane[20] results that found mild stress according to a decrease in sexual derives among HD patients.This might be that the sexual dysfunction is much more common in patients with ESRD than in the general population due to the nature of the disease such as anemia and uremia which are the organic factors that affect the erectile [Downloaded free from http://www.saudijhealthsci.org on Thursday, November 5, 2020, IP: 212.14.244.178]